Cystadenocarcinoma of the intrahepatic bile duct in a dog.

A 14-year-old spayed female Shih-Tzu was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of Konkuk University for evaluation of an abdominal mass. In diagnostic imaging, two large cystic masses were identified. The affected liver lobes were surgically resected, and the specimens were submitted for histopathological evaluation and immunohistochemical staining. The two cystic lesions were diagnosed as biliary cystadenocarcinoma (BCAC). Recurrence and regional invasion were identified on ultrasonography 36 days postoperatively. The patient died on postoperative day 271. To the best of our knowledge, previously reported case studies of BCAC in dogs presented limited clinical information. In this report, we present a detailed picture comprising a range of clinical information and histopathological examination of BCAC in a dog.

Characterization of Black Pigmenturia in a Cat with Apocrine Gland Cystadenocarcinoma.

An 8-year-old neutered female domestic shorthair cat was presented for further management of an apocrine gland cystadenocarcinoma. Extensive nodal metastasis was diagnosed and the cat was humanely destroyed 2 months after presentation. Post-mortem histopathology of the cystadenocarcinoma revealed areas of yellow-brown granular pigmentation on light microscopy, staining positively for reducing substances with Schmorl's stain and demonstrating autofluorescence on confocal microscopy. The cat's urine was black and also exhibited autofluorescence, and further analysis revealed increased free pentosidine. Based on these findings, it was presumed that the apocrine gland cystadenocarcinoma was producing lipofuscin-like pigments and that the characteristics of the urine were at least partially secondary to advanced glycation end-products.

Humeral air sac cystadenocarcinoma in a rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus moluccanus).

BACKGROUND: A 17-year-old female rainbow lorikeet (Trichoglossus moluccanus) was presented for a swelling over the right proximal humerus and an inability to fly. CASE REPORT: Radiographs revealed a markedly osteoproductive and moderately osteolytic lesion of the proximal left humerus with marked associated soft tissue swelling. Biopsy of the proximal humerus was consistent with an air sac cystadenocarcioma. The bird's condition deteriorated over 25 days after initial presentation and it developed a respiratory wheeze, tail bob, tachypnea and died. On postmortem examination, the bird was found to have an air sac cystadenocarcinoma associated with the proximal humerus, extending into the thoracic cavity through a network of fibrous sheets and displaying infiltration into the lung tissue bilaterally. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of a humeral air sac cystadenocarcinoma in a lorikeet and it builds on our understanding of the species affected by avian neoplasia.

Clinical-epidemiological, anatomic-pathological, histochemical and immunohistochemical characterization of renal cystadenocarcinoma-nodular dermatofibrosis syndrome in 11 German Shepherd dogs / Caracterização clínico-epidemiológica, anátomo-patológica, histoquímica e imuno-histoquímica da síndrome cistadenocarcinoma-dermatofibrose nodular em 11 cães Pastor Alemão

Eleven cases of renal cystadenoma/cystadenocarcinoma-nodular dermatofibrosis syndrome (RCND) are described in German Shepherd dogs diagnosed from January 1994 to January 2018 at the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the "Universidade Federal de Santa Maria" (LPV-UFSM). The study sample was composed of eight male and three female dogs at a ratio of 2.67:1. Age ranged from six to 12 years (mean=8.7 years). The main clinical signs reported in descending order of frequency were multiple cutaneous nodules (nodular dermatofibrosis), dyspnea, anorexia, weight loss, recurrent hematuria, vomiting, and polydipsia. Results demonstrated that it is not always easy to clinically recognize this syndrome, but its peculiar anatomical-pathological characteristics allow safe diagnosis. Histologically, it was possible to detect all phases (cysts, papillary intratubular hyperplasia, and cystadenomas or cystadenocarcinomas) of a possible pathological continuum of the renal lesions. Uterine leiomyomas were observed in only one of the cases. Through histochemical techniques, it was possible to identify the presence of type I collagen in both cutaneous and renal lesions and consider its possible involvement in the pathogenesis of renal cystadenocarcinoma. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) showed partially satisfactory results in the staining of epithelial cells of renal cysts and neoplasms for pan-cytokeratin.(AU)

São descritos 11 casos da síndrome cistadenoma/cistadenocarcinoma-dermatofibrose nodular (CR-DN) em cães Pastor Alemão, diagnosticados entre janeiro de 1994 e janeiro de 2018 no Laboratório de Patologia Veterinária da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (LPV-UFSM). Os cães afetados foram oito machos e três fêmeas, estabelecendo-se uma relação de 2,67:1. A idade variou de seis a 12 anos, sendo a média de idade de 8,7 anos. Os principais sinais clínicos relatados foram, em ordem decrescente de frequência, múltiplos nódulos cutâneos (dermatofibrose nodular), dispneia, anorexia, emagrecimento, hematúria recorrente, vômito e polidipsia. Este estudo permitiu estabelecer que o reconhecimento clínico da síndrome nem sempre é fácil, porém suas características anátomo-patológicas peculiares permitem um diagnóstico com segurança. Histologicamente, foi possível detectar todas as fases (cistos, hiperplasia intratubular papilífera, cistadenomas ou cistadenocarcinomas) de um possível continuum patológico das lesões renais. Leiomiomas uterinos foram observados somente em um caso. Através das técnicas histoquímicas foi possível estabelecer que o colágeno tipo I está presente em ambas as lesões, cutâneas e renais, e cogitar seu possível envolvimento na patogênese dos cistadenocarcinomas renais. A técnica de IHQ mostrou resultados parcialmente satisfatórios na imunomarcação das células epiteliais dos cistos e dos neoplasmas renais para pancitoceratina.(AU)

Total prostatectomy as a treatment for prostatic carcinoma in 25 dogs.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the complications and outcome after total prostatectomy in dogs with histologically confirmed prostatic carcinoma. STUDY DESIGN: Multi-institutional retrospective case series. ANIMALS: 25 client-owned dogs. METHODS: Medical records of dogs undergoing total prostatectomy were reviewed from 2004 to 2016. Data retrieved included signalment, presenting signs, preoperative clinical findings, laboratory data, diagnostic imaging, surgical technique, histologic diagnosis, postoperative complications, occurrence of postoperative metastasis, and survival. RESULTS: Twenty-five dogs underwent total prostatectomy for prostatic carcinoma. Urinary anastomotic techniques included urethrourethral anastomosis in 14 dogs, cystourethral anastomosis in 9 dogs, ureterocolonic anastomosis in 1 dog, and anastomosis between the bladder neck and penile urethra in 1 dog. All dogs survived to discharge. Fifteen dogs were diagnosed with transitional cell carcinoma, 8 dogs with prostatic adenocarcinoma, 1 with prostatic cystadenocarcinoma, and 1 with an undifferentiated carcinoma. Permanent postoperative urinary incontinence was present in 8 of 23 dogs. The median survival time was shorter in dogs with extracapsular tumor extension compared with those with intracapsular tumors. The overall median survival time was 231 days (range, 24-1255), with 1- and 2-year survival rates equal to 32% and 12%, respectively. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Total prostatectomy, combined with adjunct therapies, prolongs survival and lowers complication rates compared to previous reports of dogs with prostatic carcinoma. It should be noted, however, that case selection likely played a significant role in postoperative outcome.

A complicated, metastatic, humeral air sac cystadenocarcinoma in a timneh African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus timneh).

A 9-year-old male timneh African grey parrot (Psittacus erithacus timneh) was presented because of inability to fly and suspected trauma. The owner also had observed dyspnea, with tail bobbing and open-beak breathing. On clinical examination, a hard, painful mass was palpable in the left proximal humerus and axillary area. Radiographs revealed a radiodense soft tissue mass of the left humerus with no bony involvement, multifocal opacities in lung and air sacs, and an enlarged spleen. An asymmetric, vascularized cyst was detected in the mass by ultrasound examination. Results of biopsy of the mass revealed multifocal cysts composed of unilayer isoprismatic cells laying in vascularized connective tissue. Because of the severity of clinical signs and the poor clinical condition, the bird was euthanatized. On postmortem examination, the findings were air sac cystadenocarcinoma involving the humeral air sac with metastases in the spleen and kidneys, atherosclerosis, pneumoconiosis, and mycotic granulomatous pneumonia and airsacculitis with isolation of Aspergillus niger.

Cystadenocarcinoma arising from ovary in a three year old doberman bitch / Cistoadenocarcinoma derivado del ovario en una perra doberman de tres años

A three- year- old Doberman was presented with complaint of lethargy and weight- loss. Physical examination revealed a mass in the right abdomen. Laboratory abnormalities included anaemia, azotaemia and metabolic acidosis. Sonogram of the mass was an anaechoic area surrounded by hypoechoic tissue. The mass was located between the right kidney and ovary and showed papillary and tubular pattern of cystadenocarcinoma. Nephroureterectomy and ovariohysterectomy was performed; however bitch was euthanized owing to poor improvement, while necropsy of the left kidney revealed an end-stage kidney. It was concluded that the cystadenocarcinoma must have arisen secondary to a primary ovarian adenocarcinoma through stromal invasion.

Se presentó una perra doberman de tres años de edad aquejada de letargo y pérdida de peso. El examen físico reveló una masa en el abdomen derecho. El examen de laboratorio mostró anormalidades que incluyeron anemia, azotemia y acidosis metabólica. La ecografía de la masa mostró un área anecoica rodeada por tejido hipoecoico. La masa se localizó entre el riñón derecho y ovario y mostró el patrón papilar y tubular del cistoadenocarcinoma. Se realizó la nefroureterectomía y ovariohisterectomía, sin embargo la perra fue sacrificada debido a la falta de mejoría, donde la autopsia del riñón izquierdo reveló un riñón en etapa terminal. Se concluyó que el cistoadenocarcinoma debió haber surgido secundario a un adenocarcinoma primario de ovario a través de la invasión del estroma.

Cistoadenocarcinoma simulando hemangiossarcoma de glândula salivar em cão: relato de caso / Cystadenocarcinoma simulating hemangiosarcoma of the salivary gland in dog: case report

Cystadenocarcinoma is regarded as a rare adenocarcinoma variant in animals. This work reports the case of an 8-year-old female Poodle dog with salivary gland cystadenocarcinoma with morphological characteristics similar to a hemangiosarcoma. Histopathological analysis showed a tumor mass with cystic formations containing a large amount of red blood cells. In order to distinguish these two entities, periodic acid Schiff (PAS) staining and immunohistochemical analysis were carried out with the use of cytokeratin AE1/AE3 (CK) and CD31-specific antibodies. Neoplastic cells were PAS-negative, CK-positive and CD31-negative confirming their epithelial origin. Based on the findings, the diagnosis of high grade cystadenocarcinoma was established.

O cistoadenocarcinoma é considerado uma variante do adenocarcinoma de rara ocorrência em animais. Este trabalho relata um caso de cadela Poodle de oito anos, portadora de cistoadenocarcinoma de glândula salivar com características morfológicas semelhantes a de hemangiossarcoma. Na análise histopatológica observou-se uma massa tumoral com formações císticas contendo grande quantidade de hemácias. Para a diferenciação entre as duas entidades realizou-se coloração pelo ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS) e análise imuno-histoquímica com a utilização de anticorpos para citoqueratina AE1/AE3 (CK) e CD31. As células neoplásicas apresentaram-se PAS negativas, CK positivas e CD31 negativas demonstrando a origem epitelial. Com base nos achados firmou-se o diagnóstico de cistoadenocarcinoma de alto grau.

Expression of endothelin-1 and endothelin receptor a in canine ovarian tumours.

Ovarian tumours have a low incidence in bitch. Endothelin (ET-1) and endothelin A receptor (ET-A) are overexpressed in human ovarian cancer. Twenty canine ovarian tumours and five normal samples were first evaluated by western blotting and then immunohistochemically for ET-1 and ET-A expression. Seventeen out of twenty tumours were ET-1 positive. Eight out of twenty tumours were ET-A immunohistochemically positive. At molecular level both proteins were proven to be expressed in normal as well as in tumour samples. Our results show that ET-1 and ET-A are overexpressed in canine ovarian tumours, suggesting a potential role of these two molecules in canine ovarian carcinogenesis.

Airsac cystadenocarcinomas in cockatoos.

The clinical signs, radiographic and pathological findings of four histologically similar neoplasms that occurred as unilateral tumours projecting from the left axilla in three galahs (Eolophus roseicapillus) and one sulphur-crested cockatoo (Cacatua galerita) are described. In each case, the main reason for clinical presentation was respiratory distress. All cases were eventually fatal due to airway obstruction with evidence of extensive neoplastic invasion of the lungs, major airways and or humerus in all cases. A diagnosis of airsac cystadenocarcinoma was made in each bird on the basis of gross and histological appearance. The neoplasms were composed of fluid or air-filled sacs of proliferative cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells that stained positively with cytokeratin and negatively with vimentin. This was supported by a thin fibrovascular network although at least some areas in all four birds resembled airsac tissue. In some cases areas of haemorrhage, erythrophagocytosis, haemosiderosis and nodules of haemosiderophage infiltration with acicular cholesterol clefts were present in some parts of the sectioned tissue.

A mutation in the canine BHD gene is associated with hereditary multifocal renal cystadenocarcinoma and nodular dermatofibrosis in the German Shepherd dog.

Hereditary multifocal renal cystadenocarcinoma and nodular dermatofibrosis (RCND) is a naturally occurring canine kidney cancer syndrome that was originally described in German Shepherd dogs. The disease is characterized by bilateral, multifocal tumors in the kidneys, uterine leiomyomas and nodules in the skin consisting of dense collagen fibers. We previously mapped RCND to canine chromosome 5 (CFA5) with a highly significant LOD score of 16.7 (theta=0.016). We have since narrowed the RCND interval following selection and RH mapping of canine genes from the 1.3 x canine genome sequence. These sequences also allowed for the isolation of gene-associated BACs and the characterization of new microsatellite markers. Ordering of newly defined markers and genes with regard to recombinants localizes RCND to a small chromosomal region that overlaps the human Birt-Hogg-Dubé locus, suggesting the same gene may be responsible for both the dog and the phenotypically similar human disease. We herein describe a disease-associated mutation in exon 7 of canine BHD that leads to the mutation of a highly conserved amino acid of the encoded protein. The absence of recombinants between the disease locus and the mutation in US and Norwegian dogs separated by several generations is consistent with this mutation being the disease-causing mutation. Strong evidence is provided that the RCND mutation may have a homozygous lethal effect (P<0.01).

Expression of transforming growth factor-beta isoforms in the skin, kidney, pancreas and bladder in a German shepherd dog affected by renal cystadenocarcinoma and nodular dermatofibrosis.

The present study was performed to assess the expression of isoforms 1, 2 and 3 of transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta in skin nodular dermatofibrosis lesions, kidney, bladder and pancreas from a 10-year-old female German shepherd dog (GSD) affected by renal cystadenocarcinoma and nodular dermatofibrosis (RCND) compared with normal GSDs (n = 2). Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues obtained from the dog affected by RCND, diagnosed by renal ultrasonography and histopathological examination were analysed by immunohistochemistry using polyclonal antibodies to TGF-beta1, 2 and 3, and evaluated semiquantitatively using an immunoreactivity score. Similar expression of TGF-beta2 and TGF-beta3 was observed in all tissue specimens in both the RCND-affected animal and normal dogs. In contrast, TGF-beta1 immunoreactivity was increased in the derma of the RCND canine. Comparable TGF-beta1 serum levels were found between the diseased and normal animals. The increased local cutaneous production of TGF-beta1 in the RCND dog, compared with the normal animals, suggests that this cytokine may play an important role in the induction of nodular dermatofibrosis associated with renal cystadenocarcinoma.

Genetic mapping of a naturally occurring hereditary renal cancer syndrome in dogs.

Canine hereditary multifocal renal cystadenocarcinoma and nodular dermatofibrosis (RCND) is a rare, naturally occurring inherited cancer syndrome observed in dogs. Genetic linkage analysis of an RCND-informative pedigree has identified a linkage group flanking RCND (CHP14-C05.377-C05.414-FH2383-C05. 771-[RCND-CPH18]-C02608-GLUT4-TP53-ZuBe Ca6-AHT141-FH2140-FH2594) thus localizing the disease to a small region of canine chromosome 5. The closest marker, C02608, is linked to RCND with a recombination fraction (theta) of 0.016, supported by a logarithm of odds score of 16.7. C02608 and the adjacent linked markers map to a region of the canine genome corresponding to portions of human chromosomes 1p and 17p. A combination of linkage analysis and direct sequencing eliminate several likely candidate genes, including tuberous sclerosis 1 and 2 genes (TSC1 and TSC2) and the tumor suppressor gene TP53. These data suggest that RCND may be caused by a previously unidentified tumor suppressor gene and highlight the potential for canine genetics in the study of human disease predisposition.

Axillary cystadenocarcinoma in a Moluccan cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis).

An adult Moluccan cockatoo (Cacatua moluccensis) was diagnosed with a cystadenocarcinoma in the right axillary region that was treated symptomatically with surgical debulking and periodic drainage. The bird eventually died and a necropsy was performed. The neoplasm extended through the humerus, and small neoplastic foci were seen within the ipsilateral lung parenchyma. Rare groupings of microvilli were observed lining intercellular canalicular lumens on electron microscopy within the axillary tumor. These findings suggest a respiratory neoplasm, although the tissue of origin remained undetermined.

Hereditary multifocal renal cystadenocarcinomas and nodular dermatofibrosis in 51 German shepherd dogs.

The clinical findings in German shepherd dogs with hereditary multifocal renal cystadenocarcinomas and nodular dermatofibrosis are presented. Between 1978 and 1996, 51 cases were examined. Eight cases were detected after being offered a clinical examination because the disease was present in a parent. The remaining 43 dogs were diagnosed after an unsolicited visit to a clinic because of a specific problem. Skin lesions were the main reason (37 per cent) the owners presented their dog for examination. The mean age at diagnosis of renal cystadenocarcinomas and nodular dermatofibrosis was 8.2 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1.1, while the corresponding figure for a reference population was 1.25. Enlarged and abnormally shaped kidneys were palpated in 60 per cent of the dogs and were detected by radiography in 86 per cent of cases. The renal lesions, including metastases, were the main reason for euthanasia and death. The mean age at death was 9.3 years, and the mean age at the first detection of nodular dermatofibrosis was 6.4 years.

Computed tomography of hereditary multifocal renal cystadenocarcinomas in German shepherd dogs.

The purpose of the study was to characterize the renal lesions of hereditary renal cystadenocarcinomas in the German shepherd dog using computed tomography (CT). Fourteen dogs with renal cystadenocarcinomas and nodular dermatofibrosis, and two unaffected dogs were studied. There were nine dogs with spontaneous disease and seven dogs from a test mating. The characteristic renal CT findings of renal cystadenocarcinomas were bilateral multiple cysts and tumor masses of various sizes. The earliest changes were detected between 4 and 5 years of age and the smallest cysts measured 2-3 mm in diameter. Abdominal CT examination gives a wide field view and excellent anatomic images of the kidneys. It is easy to differentiate between cysts and solid tumors. CT examination is useful for the early detection of renal cystadenocarcinomas and for screening suspected carrier dogs before breeding.